I've been on the Fediverse since January 2017. I initially ran a single-user instance of Mastodon. In March 2020 I started to write Ktistec, my own implementation of an ActivityPub server in Crystal (a language with the ergonomics of Ruby but the speed of Go) because I wanted something more supportive of writing. This #introduction was written and published on Epiktistes, my Ktistec instance.

I'm an Engineer by training but now I run teams for companies in climate-tech.

I love #music, #sciencefiction and #fantasy literature (yes, I'm an R. A. Lafferty fan), attend fan conventions like #worldcon and #dragoncon, and do regular #weightlifting. I am also learning to play the #bagpipes, and I'm (re)learning #japanese.

The Ktistec executable is now ~24.7% smaller and build times are 28% faster.

I've been blogging about optimizations here, here, and here. This is the summary of the final outcome, with links to commits for the curious. I have one more post planned with a summary of my thoughts.

Here's my approach. Use nm to dump the symbols in a release build executable and then look for things that seem redundant. The first change and associated post below is a great example of what I mean—my original implementation led to the specialization of the #== method for every pairwise combination of model classes even though the result of the comparison was just false.

This might seem like a strange approach if you come from a compiled language where you mostly write all of the code yourself or invoke generics explicitly, but Crystal takes your code and does that for you. And it's not always obvious up front (to me, at least) what the final cost will be.

I've include counts of the lines added/removed because the point of this whole post is to say if you measure first and then optimize, a small change can have a big impact.

Here are the changes:

• Specialize model #==. (+7 -5)
  I talked about this here but didn't have the commit to link to. This change results in a large reduction in executable size on regular builds (~4.0%) and a small difference on release builds (~0.2%).
• Remove conversion to Hash. (+2 -2)
  This commit eliminates specialization of methods like __for_internal_use_only that get passed both named tuples and hashes by going all in with named tuples. It also eliminates instantiations of the Hash generic type itself for these cases. Reduces executable size by ~2.2%.
• Eliminate duplicate code in the executable. (+3 -3)
  This small change reduces the size of the executable by a further ~0.4% by eliminating redundant definitions of __for_internal_use_only entirely.
• Make InstanceMethods instance methods. (+1 -5)
  This was a goofy design I picked up somewhere. It's unnecessary. Changing this saves ~0.2% on release build executable size.
• Move the code for digging through JSON-LD. (+246 -281)
  It looks like a lot of lines of code changed here, but the large numbers are the result of moving code line-by-line from an included module to a utility class. Invoking these as methods on the utility class rather than as instance methods on each including class reduces the executable size by ~0.5%.
• Use map from base ActivityPub model classes. (+10 -2)
  map is a class method defined on each ActivityPub base model class. Each definition maps JSON-LD to a hash that is used to instantiate the class. Class methods defined on a base class are available on subclasses, as well. Calling the method on the subclass results in a copy of the method. This change reduces the executable size by ~5.8%.
• Move map into helper. (+104 -88)
  The map method does not depend on class/instance state. This change ensures that the mapping code is not duplicated even if a subclass's map method is accidentally again called. It looks like a lot of changes but this commit is mostly reorganization. It reduces executable size by ~0.4%.
• Replace classes with aliases. (+62 -148)
  Implementing ActivityPub's vocabulary with discrete model classes is expensive because every model class comes with machinery for type-specific CRUD operations. Enumerate aliases on each base model class (e.g. a "Service" is an "Actor"). This change reduces executable size by ~16.9%.

I'm off to optimize some queries now...

#ktistec #crystallang

After I release a new version of ktistec, I build the server commit-by-commit to see which commits increase the server executable size and build time the most. I do this because I’ve learned that small implementation details (inlined code, small methods, using blocks) can have large impacts on these numbers.

Here's the output:

Commit         Size          Time
======== ========== ======= ===== =======
248850b1   36426264          10.3
47268073   36425688  -0.00%  10.5  +1.60%
344de272   36425688  +0.00%  10.8  +3.24%
ef561f52   36425944  +0.00%  10.8  -0.08%
8ae2cbd4   36429128  +0.01%  10.8  -0.01%
3e425f3b   36429128  +0.00%  10.8  +0.22%
1487d903   36427704  -0.00%  11.0  +1.42%
935c9ceb   36427016  -0.00%  11.0  +0.14%
de37dc6a   36427016  +0.00%  10.9  -0.97%
a660a326   36427016  +0.00%  10.8  -1.12%
ff3d990e   36427016  +0.00%  10.8  +0.54%
5724a58d   36523192  +0.26%  11.0  +1.78%
7b5057d4   36523640  +0.00%  11.0  -0.44%
30ca6a3f   36541352  +0.05%  11.6  +5.73%
e2327eea   36671592  +0.36%  11.0  -5.36%
ad0d76eb   36671592  +0.00%  10.9  -0.48%
d388e74f   36671592  +0.00%  11.4  +4.59%
dacea7ad   36671592  +0.00%  11.0  -3.76%
03d5dfd8   36671592  +0.00%  10.8  -1.63%
79d9d89f   36671576  -0.00%  11.0  +1.82%
b65d292f   36792376  +0.33%  11.1  +0.95%
0ef53365   36808904  +0.04%  11.6  +4.88%
b3766e7b   36808904  +0.00%  11.1  -4.50%
56ba79ce   36825416  +0.04%  11.1  -0.50%
4824df58   36825736  +0.00%  11.1  +0.31%
c4705143   36837544  +0.03%  11.1  -0.03%
e3d37ef7   36837768  +0.00%  11.5  +3.52%
4509fa0d   36837768  +0.00%  11.0  -3.83%
0ff9237b   36837768  +0.00%  11.0  -0.55%

Overall, the server executable size increased by about 1.1% and the build time increased by about 6.8%. Maybe that's not too bad for a major feature, but let's dig in.

It's nice to see that three commits account for almost all of the increase in server executable size:

• 5724a58d Add `language` to `Object`.
  2 files +19  loc
• e2327eea Render `contentMap` on ActivityPub objects.
  2 files +17 -1 loc
• b65d292f Add translation actions to the objects controller.
  1 file +35 loc

But, compare 5724a58d to 8ae2cbd4 (Add `language` to `Account`). It added +22 loc but didn't increase the server executable size as much.

In any case, I'll look at e2327eea first. I'd like to understand why this relatively small change adds 130,240 bytes to the server executable size!

The follow ups are here, here, here, and here.

#ktistec #crystallang

I've been using Firefox for two decades. Some of Mozilla's recent choices gave me a reason to look at alternative browsers. There's no way I'm using Chrome, but it turns out that there are more than a few capable Firefox forks. With no real requirements in mind, I started researching. Here are the forks I found in no particular order:

• LibreWolf (site) (repo)
• GNU IceCat (site) (repo)
• Mullvad Browser (site) (repo)
• Waterfox (site) (repo)
• Zen Browser (site) (repo)
• Floorp (site) (repo)
• Mercury Browser (site) (repo)
• Pale Moon (site) (repo)
• Basilisk (site) (repo)
• Firefox ESR (site) (download)
• Tor Browser (site) (repo)
• SeaMonkey (site)
• K-Meleon (site) (repo)

I started with LibreWolf since it kept coming up in recommendations. It strips out all the telemetry, bundles uBlock Origin, and apparently tracks Firefox stable releases within 24-72 hours. The catches I found: no auto-updates on Windows (not a problem for me), streaming services need workarounds because it disables Widevine (not a problem for me), and on macOS you have to run terminal commands to bypass Gatekeeper warnings (a negative). It also looks like it might stop working on macOS late next year altogether (definitely a problem).

Zen Browser surprised me—it's accumulated 38,000+ GitHub stars since launching in July 2024. It's inspired by the maybe defunct Arc Browser: vertical tabs, split-view, workspaces. It releases weekly. The downside is no horizontal tabs option. I'm not sold on it but I can see the appeal.

There's a whole category of forks that preserve "old" Firefox. Pale Moon uses its own rendering engine (Goanna) and keeps the classic Firefox interface. It still supports legacy XUL extensions and NPAPI plugins. It uses fewer resources than modern browsers because it's single-process. The trade-off is that modern JavaScript-heavy sites struggle and some things like CloudFlare challenges fail.

Waterfox caught my attention because of its privacy-first stance and support for older extensions. It seems to be mostly one developer, which might make others a bit nervous, but it's not an issue for me. Sometimes less is more.

One thing I learned that seems important: frequency of updates varies wildly. LibreWolf, Zen, and Floorp seem to track Firefox releases within days. Pale Moon and GNU IceCat lag weeks or months. That matters for security patches.

Honestly, while I continue to research alternatives, I'm staying on Firefox. Hardened with the right extensions and configured the right way, it still meets my needs. But it's good to know options exist, and I'm hopeful that something will show up that captures lightning in a bottle the same way Firefox did 20 years ago!

#firefox #browser #privacy #opensource

I rolled out a lot of features over the last several weeks and created a lot of bugs in the process. Release v3.2.5 of Ktistec is mostly about fixing those bugs. I did implement two requested features, however: support for editing posts in Markdown and support for Open Graph metadata. Here's the full list of new features:

Added

• Support for editing posts in Markdown. (fixes #25)
• Support for Open Graph metadata on actors and objects. (fixes #71)
• Support for uploading a site image.
• Internal table of contents page.
• Poll expiry notifications.

🎄 I'm working on support for poll creation and management now. It's also time for a performance improvement pass or two.

#ktistec #crystallang #activitypub #fediverse

the only thing more annoying than a test failure in a test suite that only occurs when you randomize the order of the test suite, is a test failure that also only happens occasionally despite running the randomized suite with the same seed! 😡

I wonder if you could use/abuse Mastodon polls (FEP-9967) to distribute posts that provide near-real-time status updates (I'm thinking about severe weather alerts but I'm sure there are other use cases)?

Create a poll with an expiry far in the future and a token set of options (ideally just one—"Do you opt in?"—but poll implementations seem to require at least two).

Nothing seems to prevent the content of a poll from changing—and this is the key insight. The FEP says, "The type of a poll (single choice / multiple choices) and its options might be changed at any time. In that case the author of the poll MUST reset the vote counts." So broadcast updates via the content.

It would be a lightweight way to follow a single item without following the actor, built on top of implementations that already exist. 

#ActivityPub #Fep9967

Ktistec now generates a table of contents for all posts with canonical (pretty) paths (/about-the-name-epiktistes rather than /objects/6QNom799BYc).

One of the original goals I had for Ktistec was blogging. At some point, I lost track of my "blog posts". I added this to make it easier to see what I've published.

The table of contents is currently only visible to authenticated users.

Apologies in advance for the flood of updates as I add canonical paths to older posts!

#ktistec

i'm "pretty sure" i have litestream backing up my epiktistes sqlite database, but getting it running was surprisingly fiddly...

I have Markdown editing working in Ktistec!

Which post was written in Markdown?

Voilà!

This is an often requested feature. It also makes Ktistec usable in browsers when JavaScript is disabled. The Markdown editor supports autocomplete and autosave, just like the rich text editor. Expect this to show up in the next release.

#ktistec #activitypub #fediverse #markdown